SEABUCKTHORNOLOGY A NEW INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE AND ITS NECESSARY TERMINOLOGY- 2009
by doctor engineer
ANGEL PROOROCU – Romania
I. Introduction
Humanity is in the third millennium of its Christian time measured existence. Romania, my country is a country which benefited of excellent natural conditions. Now it is in a profound crisis, the solution being a radical change of actual approach in all domains of activity and in conditions of a modern reappraise of scientifically work of past generations. In this conditions it is necessary to reconsider the importance of some species from spontaneous flora which may became important resources for the economy and environmental protection. In the entire world, the situation is also critical, at Rio de Janeiro and Paris there were global reunions against environmental modifications and the desertification. At Florence, Italy, was adopted The European Convention of the Landscape. Objectives are the protection of landscape, the management and arrangement and the organization of European co-operation in this domain. In Romanian new legislation are protected areas „Dunes with Hippophae rhamnoides L.”
Sea buckthorn may become a solution for the arrangement of landscape in regions which are now the subject of desertification, salinity a.s.o. The production of fruits being a resource of food and medical industry development. All the aspects of sea buckthorn utilization in actual conditions in Romania were presented in 2006, in my Doctorate Thesis: “Studies about the importance of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in the environmental protection and human health economy”. Its importance in actual climacterically conditions is because this plant is fixing lands which are most degraded (has many suckers), assimilate atmospherically nitrogen directly by roots (has an ameliorative effect to the soil). The fruit contains a lot of vitamins, 2 x vitamin C like hip roses, carotene, citric acid etc. The oil contains E vitamin which is revitalizing the human organism, near vitamins P, B1, B2, A, K, F ( F vitamin defend cells of cancer and irradiation), there are also 15 microelements Fe, Mn, B, Al, K, F, Ti etc. From fruits it is possible to obtain many products in feeding: juice, vine, jam (with cherry, apples and plums), butter etc. All products are very rich in vitamins. In pharmaceutics it may be used in cosmetics, many treatments and for burned and irradiated tissues. In the feeding of domestic animals it is very good, the hair of dogs, cats, and horses, the quality of eggs, the immunity of all of them is better if there is introduced in their feeding some products made from sea buckthorn, sometimes it is used the rest of biological material after the extraction of some interest principles. Plants of Hippophae rhamnoides L. are valuable like decorative plants; their green-white color is in contrast with the orange of flowers and fruits.
II. GLOBAL CLIMATHERICAL SITUATION
Fig. 1 Tulcea City, my birth place, ancient Roman Fortress Aegyssus, the door of Danube Delta, affected by floods, (Foto Proorocu Valentin George 2005)
According to the US National Academy of Sciences, the Earth’s surface temperature has risen by about 1 degree Fahrenheit in the past century, with accelerated warming during the past two decades. There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities. Human activities have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse gases—primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. The heat-trapping property of these gases is undisputed although uncertainties exist about exactly how earth’s climate responds to them.
Energy from the sun drives the earth’s weather and climate, and heats the earth’s surface; in turn, the earth radiates energy back into space. Atmospheric greenhouse gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases) trap some of the outgoing energy, retaining heat somewhat like the glass panels of a greenhouse.
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have increased nearly 30%, methane concentrations have more than doubled, and nitrous oxide concentrations have risen by about 15%. These increases have enhanced the heat-trapping capability of the earth’s atmosphere. Sulfate aerosols, a common air pollutant, cool the atmosphere by reflecting light back into space; however, sulfates are short-lived in the atmosphere and vary regionally.
Why are greenhouse gas concentrations increasing? Scientists believe that the combustion of fossil fuels and other human activities are the primary reason for the increased concentration of carbon dioxide. Plant respiration and the decomposition of organic matter release more than 10 times the CO2 released by human activities; but these releases have generally been in balance during the centuries leading up to the industrial revolution with carbon dioxide absorbed by terrestrial vegetation and the oceans.
III. SOIL DEGRADATION
Soils retrogression and degradation in the French school of pedology are two regressive evolution processes associated with the loss of equilibrium of a stable soil. Retrogression is primarily due to erosion and corresponds to a phenomenon where succession reverts back to pioneer conditions (such as bare ground). Degradation is an evolution, different of natural evolution, related to the locale climate and vegetation. It is due to the replacement of the primitive vegetation (known as climax) by secondary vegetation. This replacement modifies the humus composition and amount, and impacts the formation of the soil. It is directly related to human activity. The soil represents the surface layer, of the earth's crust.
At the beginning of a soil formation, only the bare rock outcrops. It is gradually colonized by pioneer species (lichens and mosses), then herbaceous vegetation, shrubs and finally forest. In parallel a first humus-bearing horizon is formed (the A horizon), followed by some mineral horizons (B horizons). Each successive stage is characterized by a certain association of soil/vegetation and environment, which defines an ecosystem.
After a certain time of parallel evolution between the ground and the vegetation, a state of steady balance is reached; this stage of development is called climax by some ecologists and "natural potential" by others. Succession is the evolution towards climax. Regardless of its name, the equilibrium stage of primary succession is the highest natural form of development that the environmental factors are capable of producing.
The cycles of evolution of soils have very variable durations, between a thousand-year-old for soils of quick evolution (A horizon only) to more than a million of years for soils of slow development. There are two types of ecological factors influencing the evolution of a soil (through alteration and humification). These two factors are extremely significant to explain the evolution of soils of short development.
When the state of balance, characterized by the ecosystem climax is reached, it tends to be maintained stable in the course of time. The vegetation installed on the ground provides the humus and ensures the ascending circulation of the matters. It protects the ground from erosion by playing the role of barrier (for example, protection from water and wind). Plants can also reduce erosion by binding the particles of the ground to their roots.
A disturbance of climax will cause retrogression, but, if given the opportunity, nature will make every effort to restore the damage via secondary succession. Secondary succession is much faster than primary because the soil is already formed, although deteriorated and needing restoration as well.
However, when a significant destruction of the vegetation takes place (of natural origin such as an avalanche or human origin), the disturbance undergone by the ecosystem is too important. In this latter case, erosion is responsible for the destruction of the upper horizons of the ground, and is at the origin of a phenomenon of reversion to pioneer conditions. The phenomenon is called retrogression and can be partial or total (in this case, nothing remains beside bare rock). For example, the clearing of an inclined ground, subjected to violent rains, can lead to the complete destruction of the soil. Man can deeply modify the evolution of the soils by direct and brutal action, such as clearing, abusive cuts, forest pasture, litters raking. Erosion is the main factor for soil degradation and is due to several mechanisms: water erosion, wind erosion, chemical degradation and physical degradation.
Agriculture increases the risk of erosion through its disturbance of vegetation by way of: overgrazing of animals, planting of a monoculture row cropping, tilling or plowing, crop removal, land-use conversion
Recent increases in the human population have placed a great strain on the world's soil systems. More that 5.5 billion people are now using about 10 % of the land area of the Earth to raise crops and livestock. Many soils suffer from various types of degradation, that can ultimately reduce their ability to produce food resources. Slight degradation refers to land where yield potential has been reduced by 10%, moderate degradation refers to a yield decrease from 10-50 %. Severely degraded soils have lost more than 50% of their potential. Most severely degraded soils are located in developing countries such as Asia and Africa.
The increase in the turbidity of water and the contribution of nitrogen and of phosphorus can result in eutrophication. Soils particles in surface waters are also accompanied by agricultural inputs and by some pollutants of industrial, urban and road origin (such as heavy metals). The ecological impact of agricultural inputs (such as weed killer) is known but difficult to evaluate because of the multiplicity of the products and their broad spectrum of action.
Soil degradation may involve the disappearance of the climax vegetation, the decrease in animal habitat, thus leading to a biodiversity loss and animal extinction. Problems of soil erosion can be fought, and certain practices can lead to soil enhancement and rebuilding. Even though simple, methods for reducing erosion are often not chosen because these practices outweigh the short-term benefits. Rebuilding is especially possible through the improvement of soil structure, addition of organic matter and limitation of runoff. However, these techniques will never totally succeed to restore a soil (and the fauna and flora associated to it) that took more than 1000 years to build up.
IV. SEA BUCKTHORN IMPORTANCE IN CONDITIONS OF HUMAN HEALTH DEGRADATION
The new civilization means stress, untidy life, eye disabilities, artificial feeding, synthetically drugs, foods, drinks and vitamins.
Sea buckthorn is called by the Romanian peasants in Buzau County “berries of the Holy Virgin”. Romanian people used from hundreds of years the fruits for the treatment of anemia, diarrhea, rheumatism and rash. From fruits they obtained many products in feeding: juice, vine, jam (with cherry, apples and plums), butter etc., they used it as textile colorant. In Romanian “Medicinal and Aromatic Plants from A to Z” guide book, the two appreciate specialists Ovidiu Bojor and Mircea Alexan recommend sea buckthorn as vitamin complex ( C, B1, B2, PP) carotenes, folic acid, oil, izoramnethol, fitosterol. Recommended in avitaminose Fructus Hippophae in combination with Fructus Cynosbati (hip rose), Folium Urticae (stinging nettle), gooseberry, Folium Menthae (mint), Folium Rubi idaei (raspberry) and Folium Primulae (cowslip), infusion, cooling drinks, syrups, gout as reach in vitamins and diuretic, pneumonia in combination with colt’s foot, linden tree, hyssop, cowslip, savory, elder tree, rickets Fructus Cynosbati (hip rose), Fructus Hippophae, Folium Primulae (cowslip), Folium Melissae (balm mint), adjuvant in pulmonary tuberculosis in winter and spring for vitamins with Fructus Cynosbati (hip rose), Folium Urticae (stinging nettle), Folium Primulae (cowslip), uremia in combination with diabetes Folium Betulae (birch tree), Folium Myrtilli (bilberry) and Herba galegae (goat’s rue), xerophthalmia in combination with Fructus Cynosbati (hip rose), Folium Urticae (stinging nettle), Flores Tagetes (marigold) and Fructus Myrtilli (bilberry).
Fig. 2. Sea buckthorn area from Illustrierte Flora von Mittel - Europa von Dr. Gustav Hegi Munchen J.F. Lehmanns Verlag 1926
V. SEA BUCKTHORN PRESENTATION
Sea buckthorn, Euro-Asiatic specie, was classified in 1753 in “Speciae Plantarum” by Karl von Linné at the position 1023. The great botanist seems to be its godfather, Hippophae rhamnoides has two significations. Now, because it has a positive signification is accepted the etymology from Greek words: horse and shine. Romanian specialists demonstrate the influence of sea buckthorn which induces health for all animals, externalized in the aspect of their skin.
The second signification is also from Greek, horse and poison, this is reflected in occidental Europe tradition. Romanian specialists’ conception at the beginning of the XX century was the same; it may be caudated by the plant’s negative effect. Other opinions are relative to the effect in elimination of intestinal worms. Romanian catina seems to become from Latin “catena”, the image from Romans invaders was a chain around rivers, the colour of leafs suggested them the silver. Its natural area was one of the largest of the world, from Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific, (fig. 1).
In Romania, the modern scientific statute of agriculture started in the inter-war period when, in 1938-1943, Constantin Filipescu coordinated a large staff and published “The Great Agricultural Romanian Encyclopedia”. "Any country with pretensions of civilization must have in the cultural treasure agricultural encyclopedia and dictionaries needed by anyone who is concerned by this millenary activity"- said the author in the introduction. In the first volume of this work sea buckthorn was ample described at page 710: “cătina albă bot. Hippophae rhamnoides L. Fr. Saule epineux, germ. Sanddorn, engl. Sea buckthorn (sea, buck, thorn) bush usually 2-5 m. it may became a little tree of 5-6 m. from slippery grounds of river’s gravels. One year stems has silver scaly brush and ferruginous rust colored down, early they get thorns, old steams has a great number of short steams transformed in thorns. The ovoid buds are covered by a small number of golden yellow scales with silver brush. Leafs are linear lancelet or narrow oblongs 4-5 (6) cm. long and 5-6 (10) mm. breadth, short petiolated, petiole of 1-3 mm., entered edge; superior face at first has silver scales, at maturity dark green, glabrous and only the long of principal nervure with down, inferior face is silver with scaly silver thread to golden yellow which at friction are taken on the fingers. Dioeciously flowers are little, less apparent, greenish, situated on annual stems on which it appear simultaneous with leafs by 2-3 at the base of inferior leafs which are hiding integrally. Male flowers sessile with yellow-green perigonium on intern face have silver scaly thread in tubular form, evidently separate at the extremity in two lobs on square disk. Female flowers in raceme specula form, with a perigonium evidently separate at the extremity in two lobs, covered in exterior with scaly thread; unicarpelar pistil, one only box, with one ovule. Blossoms from April to May. Fruit is an achene covered in exterior with an induzion, seems that in the inferior part persists the perigonium which became fleshy. Fruit is ovoid like a pea bean brown-orange to golden yellow, the fleshy part has acidulous taste, contains a poisonous principia, which don’t hinder birds to devour them after the snow fall. The pip, achene with solid brown shining cover, usually has one seed. The trunk may be strong developed 4-6m. and at soil level it may be 10-15 cm. in diameter with many ramifications has lateral direction, sinuously, covered at the beginning with brown smooth bark, in time it has a rhitydome dark brown scaly profoundly cracked. The hardwood yellow-brown, became by drying weighty, solid, may be polish, don’t resists in air, the ashes are rich in potassium. The striking root is profound, because the pivoted part penetrate depth the soil and superficial by lateral roots parallels with the surface, from lateral roots in sands there are starting many suckers. In roots there are tuberosities in which leaves in symbiosis an Actinomicete capable to assimilate atmospherically nitrogen. Is spread on marine dunes, alluvional sands along rivers and around lakes on stonily versants and crumbling bank, coasts and cliffs, detritus degraded pasture lands, etc. Its principal area is in Central Asia from Caucasian territory to North of Persia and Ural, to the East of Asia. In Europe it is along of Scandinavian coasts, in Baltic Countries to North Sea, South of England to the south of Europe vegetating on a narrow band on Mediterranean littoral in interior on vales in mountains or hills in North of Spain, South of France, North and Center of Italy, Yugoslavia, Down Austria, Hungary, South of Romania and Bulgaria. In our country Hippophae is in hills territories, Meridional and Eastern Carpathians valleys of versants from Moldavia and in Muntenia brings along valleys to field to the Danube. An insular center of sea buckthorn is in Danube Delta on Black Sea littoral in the place called Cardon at north of Sulina (5 km.). the optimum of its area is in under Carpathian zone of aflorisment of salifer, age Mediterranean inferior aquitanian in Ialomita valley, Laculete, Prahova valley and its affluent Campina, Comarnic, Telega, Slanic, Teleajan valley, Homoraciu, Buzau valley, Cislau, Nehoiasi, Ramnicu Sarat valley, valleys from Vrancea Country etc. and it continues in all basins to Bucovina. Utility in forestry for the fixing of dunes or moving grounds supports more salts in soil Na Cl, it may be the national essence for the restoration of Vrancea Country and other regions deforested from salifer under Carpathians in which the installation of forest on salt soils is difficult. Its ample ramification and numerous thorns make it valorous for hedges. As bush it is very ornamental also with its silver leafs and its numerous orange fruits and persists on branches after the snow fall. It may be multiplied by seeds, slips, marcotage and suckers.” Authors declared that the activity of elaboration of the encyclopedia was along the after first war period. I proudly may affirm the experience of Romanian specialists in the utilization of Hippophae rhamnoides in soil amelioration. In 2005 spring Romania has a great surface of flood. The economic phenomenon from the end of XIX Century when forests were destroyed and sailed for the construction of railways in Central Europe was the same in the legislative vide after 1990 and the situation in Romania is dramatic because the amplitude of destruction is incomparable. The mistake in the tackle of sea buckthorn is the attempt to define all varieties as one kind of assortment. It has a great variability and adaptability. Romanian researchers had demonstrated that the specie has the capacity to accumulate in its tissue a great level from some radioactive elements, characteristically for the soil and subsoil in its habitat zone. In soil and subsoil there are slowly transformations of radioactive elements, with variable times of halve which give to the crust a certain natural radioactivity. Alfa radioactivity results from the transformation of radium in radon, the beta radioactivity is given in special by the isotopic form of potassium being in soil near K40 ions.
Romanian measurements of fruits in regions which are known with the particularity of radioactivity, established that there were 34-37 less alfa global concentration like the maxim admitted limit in potable water and 2-3 more beta radiations. This illustrated the capacity of fruits to indicate the presence of natural radioactivity in soil, there are storing of beta radiation from absorbed radioactive elements on soil particles or dissolved in soil solution. There are other species like Solanum nigrum, Romanian zarna, Veratrum album stregoaie which has toxic components influenced by the soil composition. These explain many contradictions about the benefice or lethal effect of fruit utilization.
The authors of the Romanian Encyclopedia considered it like not recommended in feeding, their occidental formation and sources are explaining this opinion. Conclusion is that the variability of this specie is the motive of many contradictions about the concentration of components and the large utilization of it. I think that International Sea buckthorn Association must be the promoter of a scientific map-drawing of varieties on the global areas first step for research in the various domains of utilization.
The regional people’s millenary experience in conditions of maintaining of environmental parameters must be an important yielding point in research activity. Hippophae rhamnoides L. has an opportunity to become the solution of the modern environment and feed global crises only in conditions of a global conception in research, integration of the production, processing, economic management and marketing.
VI. THE SCIENCE OF VITICULTURE EXAMPLE
Viticulture (from the Latin word for vine) refers to the cultivation of grapes, often for use in the production of wine. When the grapes are used for winemaking, it is also known as viniculture. It is one branch of the science of horticulture. Viticulture is the science, production and study of grapes which deals with the series of events that occur in the vineyard. Grapes are grown for fresh fruit, dried fruit or for the grape juice, which can be used (amongst others) to produce wine. Duties of the Viticulturalist include: monitoring and controlling pests and diseases, fertilizing, irrigating, canopy management, monitoring fruit development and characteristics, deciding when to harvest and vine pruning during the winter months. Viticulturalists are often intimately involved with winemakers, because vineyard management and the resulting grape characteristics, provide the basis from which winemaking can begin. Viticulture is an example of scientifically approach of a millenary human occupation with social, economical, habitual and ethnical aspects.
Vitis vinifera is a plant which changed the destiny of billion of people in their millenary existence. Viticulture is the basically occupation in Romania Cotnari, Husi, Panciu in Moldavia, Dragasani, Dealu Mare, in Muntenia, Niculitel and Murfatlar in Dobrogea, Pecica, Tarnave in Transylvania, France, Champagne, Portugal Porto also. It develops activities in aval: viticulture machines and implements, grape refrigeration, vinification industry apparatuses. Philoxera is an example of the importance of research activity in the maintenance of a millenary occupation. In France in 1863 cultures were destroyed. In Romania for example there were grafting centers at Tintea (Prahova County), Strehaia (Mehedinti County), Ceda (Arad County), Petresti (Vrancea County), in this mode appears a mosaic of varieties Cabernet Sauvignon, Muscat Ottonel, Riesling, Traminer, Sauvignon, Chasselas, Afuz Ali, Muscat de Hamburg a. s. o. In post-philoxerical period, in 1937 was founded The Agricultural Research Institute where professor I.C. Teodorescu leads section of horticulture, he was the promoter for the introduction of scientifically and technical progress in Romanian viticol production. Vine is with people at birth, marriage and death ceremonies. Seams to interrupt the ascension of the greatest conqueror of the history, Macedonian Alexander the Greatest, creation of E.A. Poe, J. London a. s. o.. Political and social effects were in the period of prohibition, the illicit commerce won all public order measures, this period being the modern source of power and fortune.
VII. SEABUCKTHORNOLOGY, A NECESITY OF MODERN TIMES
In Romania, Popescu M., colab. – “Pomicultura generală şi speciala” Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică 1982 is the first manual of pomiculture which contains a capitol dedicated to the technology of the culture of sea buckthorn by profesor Victor Cireasa from Iasi Agricultural Institute who was the promoter of the culture and study of sea buckthorn in Romania.
Lupe Z. Ioan, Grigorescu Emanoil, Brad Ion, Cireasa Victor, Manea Stefan are some of Romanian specialists in forestry, horticulture, medicine, bio-chemistry with many studies and applications of sea buckthorn as we can see in the summary attached bibliography .
In Proceeding of the first Congress of International Sea buckthorn Association are essays elaborated by specialists from Bolivia, Canada, China, Estonia, Finland, Germany, India, Italy, Latvia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine. At the second Congress I, a Romanian agronomist, was honored to meet delegates from Azerbaijan, Bolivia, Canada, Korea, Finland, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Mongolia, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine and U.S.A.
There were specialists from many countries under one flag, sea buckthorn a plant which means hundreds of year of plant arrangement architecture, research, experience, secrets, production, health of soil, health of animals and health of peoples in a self-destructive human society of the third millennium.
What displeased at those Conferences? The impossibility of put in orders all important and multidisciplinary information.
There were involved specialists in: botanic, geology, marketing, medicine, biochemistry, agronomy, management etc. All of them need information. The solution is to be elaborating a statute of an interdisciplinary new science the subject being sea buckthorn and the most important, a multilingual data base alphabetically ordered accessible for anyone interested.
In this case if we will consider a new scientific domain, the three congresses justified this. Seabuckthornology will be the science of the study of the biology of sea buckthorn and the rational and economical mode of the culture of this plant for the soil recovery and human and animal medicine and feeding.
The new science will be studied in special schools of agriculture, manuals will be improved and technologies will be perfected.
Also there will be necessary to be established the terminology and scientifically branches which are involved in the new science theory like: biology, botanic, agrotehnics, food industry, a.s.o.
It will be possible in the computers and e-mail era to be recuperated thousands of years of unused at a global level of this plant. Experience of Chinese, Tibetan, Russian, German, Romanian people will be easy to be formulate in an unitary manual of the general presentation, special Seabuckthornology may be made under the scope of culture, environmental plantation, fruits plantations, landscape architecture, forestry a.s.o.
Special Seabuckthornology manuals will be made also for every country and region because there will be necessary the special aspects characterizing the local experience, traditions, technologies a.s.o.
It will be necessary to be used the experience and models created in time in viticulture, now it will be easy because there are modern modalities of circulation of information, data base accumulation. Simulative will be economical interests but also the important will be the sea buckthorn role of panacea for the soil, the air and human and animal beings in actual conditions on the Earth.
There are principal domains where the sea buckthorn must be introduced artificially, recuperating the negative role of modern technologies, modern conceptions and interests.
If we consider Jawaharlal Nehru’s idea, that actual world situation is the result of the European domination in ancient social economical and military development; maybe sea buckthorn could have had another position in the history of plant utilisation.
1. FOOD INDUSTRY
Sea buckthorn is used in the composition of juice, tonic vine, jam (with cherry, apples and plums), butter etc. All products are very rich in vitamins. There are recommended to people with disabilities and sickness, mothers who are suckling children. In some countries sea buckthorn is used like conserving and sauce for fish cooks.
It is meliferous specie and it is interesting to be evaluating the importance of pick-up from sea buckthorn flowers in the composition of honey.
For example, Romanian experience may be reconsidered and in research programs in this case we may obtain natural gamma of vines, vinegar, jams, marmalades, potato mash, juice and sweetness. Sea buckthorn is also a natural conserving.
2. FITOPHARMACEUTICS
In Romania, sea buckthorn fruit oil the active principia is extracted through an original proceeding being a natural food concentrate. Liposolubil components of the sea buckthorn oil represent a polivitaminic complex with regenerating action for the cellular metabolism. Active principia contained are, in principal ß- carotenes, vitamins D, E, F, K, therefore all liposolubil vitamins, also o series de polifenolic products strong anti-infectious. Also contains lecithin in easy assimilability forms (calcium and magnesium salts), unsaturated feet-acids like ß-linolic acid as precursor of a lot of organic enzymes.It is general tonifiant, antianemic, vitaminizant; imunomodulator; synergic action with interferon; contribution for the syntheses of proteins raw-material for interferon; coronaries protector; antiaterosclerotic; slowing down the process of ageing by consumption of undesirable free radicals; detoxifying the liver and assure the trofic function for the hepatic cell; anticancerigen by the great contain of ß-carotene; in extern administration good for cicatrizing, dermoregenerator effect, anti-inflammatory, nutritive; excellent protector against solar radiations or de other nature. Prophylactic: slowing down the process of ageing and anticancerigen, tonic general in stress situations, imunomodulator. Adjuvant: intern treatment of some dermatological affections (psoriasis, LED cutanate forms), ORL affections with component atrophic and inflammatory, cardio-vascular affections being a good coronaries protector affections ale digestive system. Active in chronic hepatitis, uro-genital affections, neurological psychical affections, antianemic, excellent role in slowing down of some ocular affections (hemeralopia, presbytism, keratomalacie, myopia, astigmatism, hipermetropy, glaucoma, cataracts) being rich in ß - carotenes. Extern use: local treatment of eczema, thermal and chemical burns, chilblains, alergodermias, psoriasis, lent recovery wound. It is the only natural product recognised for the activity of protection against solar radiations or other nature. Cosmetically use: antirid and nutritive creams, gels and lotions of protection and maintenance for all kinds of skin.
S.C. CCPPM Plantavorel S.A. Piatra Neamt, continue the traditions of Vorel pharmacists family which in 1880’s initiate Green Pharmacy, in 1942 produced 120 products. In 1948 it was nationalised. In 1983 Plantavorel Laboratory initiates new research and production in utilisation of Romanian “Green Gold’. Now there are sea buckthorn homologated products “Cevisol”, natural dietetic and food supplement extract of fruits. Tonic general, for children, convalescents, intellectual and physical effort. “Vorisol granule” natural dietetic and food supplement extract of fruit extracts of Hippophae rhamnoides and Rosa species. Granules may be used also like tea, 2 spoons at 100 ml. water. There is “Hebe radix” protection cream extracts of sea buckthorn, marigold and blackwort, volatile oil of mint, excipients, conservants. Recommend in solar and thermo burns, contact dermatitis, etc. Research programs recommend plants from “Curvature Carpathians” as optimal for pharmaceutical products.
3. ANIMAL BREEDING
Fig. 3. Fruits of sea buckthorn are bird’s favorite food the seeds being dispersed at long distances
(Foto Proorocu Valentin George 2005)
The effect of an antierosional, forest, pomicol or hedge culture is the utilization of fruits by animals and birds in there feeding. Also the animals and birds are important in its natural extension. In Danube Delta the diversity of sea buckthorn is motivated by the ways of migration birds.
In 1989 in Romania was elaborated “Polivitarom” from sea buckthorn fruits powder or granules. It has a good effect in the growth of chicken, hens, rabbits and pigs. For fur animals the powder or oil of sea buckthorn introduced in feeding, make them to shine, this being one of the meanings of plants name.
4. COSMETICS
Sea buckthorn is important in the composition of cosmetics. Sea Buckthorn oil has multiple benefits in the area of restorative and anti-aging skin care. Natural antioxidants and essential fatty acids help reverse damaging effects of sun radiation and minimize long term effects of sun exposure, like wrinkles, dryness, dark spots reduce skin inflammation, promote natural skin restorative processes. The oil is well tolerated by any type of skin and provides long term anti-inflammatory, restorative and revitalizing action.
Fig. 4 In Romania sea buckthorn was printed on stamps appreciating the importance of specie in modern pharmacology
5. LANDSCAPE ARHITECTURE
Sea buckthorn is present in all manuals of peisage architecture. The yellow orange colour of flowers and fruits is in a very nice contrast whith the silver colour of leafs. It is present all the year and assures a self protection and protect areas with its spines. In interior arrangements colours and persistence assure the presence in many floral or plant arrangements.
6. FORESTRY
Fig.6 Plants of sea buckthorn cover in short time the zone of habitat
(Foto Proorocu Angel 2003)
Romania has many natural resources in all domains of agriculture like hundreds of years in forestry, but we are isolated, due to many causes, principals of them being corruption and the precarious management. This makes now sea buckthorn a solution like in China for the rehabilitation of soil, also a resource for the development of production of derivates. In Danube Delta a research program on 1450 ha. and other surfaces demonstrate the capacity of the plant to be utilized in soil erosion protection. Actual situation needs thousand of environmental plantations, possibilities of rehabilitation are certified.
7. LAND IMPROVEMENTS
Sea buckthorns is very appreciate because it covers in a short period of time only or in participation with other species accident lands, river abrupt banks, see shores, coasts and cliffs. It is in symbiotically relation with Frankia sp. The effect in humus formation and vegetal cover is very rapid. It is pioneer specie. After the remake fertile soil it migrates to unfertile zones, being replaced by other pretentious species. In combination with works of consolidation of erosion or accident zones it is recommended together with some other species.
The power of collaboration of many nations when the interest was positive is the case of Danube Commission. Danube was vital for Germany, Austria, and Hungary in relation with the entire world, trade, military transports and communications were connected with this river. Napoleon sais if he will be the ruler of Ottoman Empire he will be the master of the world.
Turks had the power at the door of the Danube and modern nations obtained the possibility of the control of them after the Convention from Paris in 1856. Some forms of juridical organization are from 1815. The Danube Commission actual a political organization for the jurisdiction of the old river, was first organized with participation of England, France Italy who guaranteed the and controlled the activity. There were also Russians, Turks Germans, Austrians and little state formations Croats, Serbian, Bulgarian, Romanian Principality, and other countries officials. One of the positive result of this Commission’s activity was the shorten of Sulina Branch from 83,8 to 62,6 km. in 1868-1902. In actual times Sulina is the only navigable from three Danube Delta Branches. Sulina had a hydrological arrangement with sea buckthorn plants circularly planted surround the city. Many experiments in XX century realized by Romanian researchers with Hippophae rhamnoides alone or in combination with other plants may have the roots in that period of international collaboration in the common interest of maintaining the navigability of the Danube. The biodiversity of sea buckthorn in Danube Delta was amplified by the share of billion of birds which hundreds of years traversed the territory in their annual migration.
Fig. 7 Nodules on roots of sea buckthorn demonstrate the symbiosis relation with Frankia sp.
(Foto Proorocu Angel 2003)
VIII. TERMINOLOGICAL ASPECTS
We will be able also to delimitate the new domain’s terminology. As an impartial demonstration I quote from an article published on internet by Cristian Galinski and Gerhard Budin from Infoterm Viena Austria, university of Viena:
“Whenever and wherever specialized information and knowledge are created, communicated, recorded, processed, stored, transformed or re-used, terminology is involved in one way or another. Subject-field communication has become a specific type of discourse with specialized texts differentiating into a whole array of text types. When we define terminology as a structured set of concepts and their designations in a particular subject field, it can be considered the infrastructure of specialized knowledge. Technical writing and technical documentation are thus impossible without properly using terminological resources. Since the production of technical texts increasingly involves several languages, high-quality multilingual terminologies have become scarce and much desired commodities on the burgeoning markets of language and knowledge industries.
The development of terminologies as a crucial part of special purpose languages reflects scientific, technical and economic progress in the subject fields concerned. Due to different speeds in this dynamic co-evolution of knowledge in the individual domains, specialized discourse continues to differentiate into more and more sectorized special languages and terminologies. But these communication tools become increasingly ambiguous, due to the sheer number of concepts to be designated and the limited linguistic resources of every natural language: terms are taken over from one domain (or language) into another, usually with varying meanings in the (productive) form of metaphors or analogies; new homonyms, polysemes and synonyms arise, motivating or even forcing subject specialists to standardize their terminology and harmonize them on the multilingual level in order to reduce and manage the constantly rising communicative complexity that faces their discourse communities.
Terminology management is primarily concerned with manipulating terminological resources for specific purposes, e.g., establishing repertories of terminological resources for publishing dictionaries, maintaining terminology databases, or ad hoc problem solving in finding multilingual equivalences in translation work or creating new terms in technical writing.
For such purposes special computer programs have been developed (terminology database management programs), either commercially available on the international terminology market or developed as prototypes in academic research projects.”
Conclusion: The most important aspect is the permanent actualization of data base, in a moment a Chinese enterpriser for example, who 100 tones of sea buckthorn oil needs, will can find many offers from the entire world, obtaining all parameters and prices in few minutes, the address, fax, e-mail, phone number etc.
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Keywords: Seabuckthornology, viticulture, terminology, land improvements, remedy, cure, Romanian contribution, scientific and commercial information
